A Comparative Study of Forehead Landmarking Techniques

Lan dmarking on the face provides significant information related to facial structure. Specifically, it is useful to get precise facial measurements that are required in several computer vision applications. The three primary steps for getting facial measurements are face detection, facial landmarking and distance measurement. Several facial landmarking techniques are available in the literature. However, a few of them find landmarks on the forehead area along with the remaining part of the face. On the other hand, locating landmarks on the forehead area is crucial for applications such as face recognition, a criminal investigation, face verification, face beautification, face morphing and age estimation. In this paper, a comprehensive and comparative review on forehead landmarking techniques are presented. Some parameters are discovered based on our thorough study to evaluate them. A parametric comparison of forehead landmarking techniques are also presented. This comprehensive survey will serve as a catalog of available forehead landmarking techniques and will assist researchers to understand technological advancements in the facial landmarking field. A researcher can choose an appropriate facial landmarking technique that includes forehead landmarking too to design an efficient facial measurement approach.