Interaction Paradigms: from Human-Human Teaming to Human-Autonomy Teaming

This paper identifies potential interaction paradigms for a human-autonomy team, drawing upon what is known from interaction paradigms in human-human teams and human-computer interaction. A human-autonomy team consists of human and autonomous teammates who collaborate to achieve mission goals. In this context, autonomy is defined as increasingly capable automation system that can behave with intention, set its own goals, and is capable of responding situations with greater autonomy and even without human direction. In human-human teaming science, effective teaming is grounded in team situation awareness, team cognition, and teamwork skills. Human interaction with autonomous teammates requires a dynamic relationship of taskwork and teamwork between human and autonomous teammates. Human teammates should be able to interact efficiently, control, and exercise authority with autonomous teammates. The interaction methods may be different in human-autonomy teams compared to human-human teams. This work aims to investigate the potential differences and similarities between human-human teams and human-autonomy teams to identify interaction paradigms that enable team effectiveness and collaboration. A literature review was performed for interaction paradigms in human-human teaming, human-automation interaction, and human-robot interaction. This work discusses the interaction paradigms most suitable for adaptation from human-human teams to human-autonomy teams. The unique challenges of human-autonomy team design are articulated and used to compare to current interaction methodologies.