Parallel reinforcement learning-based energy efficiency improvement for a cyber-physical system

As a complex and critical cyber-physical system ( CPS ) , the hybrid electric powertrain is significant to mitigate air pollution and improve fuel economy. Energy management strategy ( EMS ) is playing a key role to improve the energy efficiency of this CPS. This paper presents a novel bidirectional long short-term memory ( LSTM ) network based parallel reinforcement learning ( PRL ) approach to construct EMS for a hybrid tracked vehicle ( HTV ) . This method contains two levels. The high-level establishes a parallel system first, which includes a real powertrain system and an artificial system. Then, the synthesized data from this parallel system is trained by a bidirectional LSTM network. The lower-level determines the optimal EMS using the trained action state function in the model-free reinforcement learning ( RL ) framework. PRL is a fully data-driven and learning-enabled approach that does not depend on any prediction and predefined rules. Finally, real vehicle testing is implemented and relevant experiment data is collected and calibrated. Experimental results validate that the proposed EMS can achieve considerable energy efficiency improvement by comparing with the conventional RL approach and deep RL.