Evolution and Classification of Energy and Thermal Management Systems in Electrified Powertrains

The energy management system (EMS) and the thermal management system (TMS) of an electrified powertrain are often treated independently in earlier works. Recently, integrated energy and thermal management systems (IETMSs) started to appear, which have shown that energy saving can be obtained, by integrating these two systems. This paper therefore aims to extensively review EMSs, TMSs and in particular, the state-of-the-art IETMSs, and to identify opportunities for future research. It is found that a combined design and control optimization approach considering both energy and thermal aspects is recommended to achieve optimal performance.