Electric Vehicle Battery Cell Cycle Aging in Vehicle to Grid Operations: A Review

Electric vehicle (EV) owners need vehicle to grid (V2G) operations information before being able to participate in power grid support. Specifically, the lack of understanding of the effect of battery charge and discharge on the lifetime of battery cells inhibits full participation. Batteries are expensive, but increasing their lifetime is one solution to reduce costs. Several battery aging models have been developed to calculate the lifetime and cost of V2G operations. This review contributes to what is already known by connecting measurement data, driving data, and V2G operations to the battery cycle aging model. The review identified time, temperature, and state of charge influence calendar aging. In addition, a number of cycles, depth of discharge and charging rate influence cycle aging. Results indicated the battery’s naturally decreasing lifetime can be reduced and scheduled charging can extend lifetime. The implications of V2G operations on battery durability play an important role in the convenience for EV owners to support the power grid with ancillary service contributions.