Architectural Support for NVRAM Persistence in GPUs

Non-volatile Random Access Memories (NVRAM) have emerged in recent years to bridge the performance gap between the main memory and external storage devices, such as Solid State Drives (SSD). In addition to higher storage density, NVRAM provides byte-addressability, higher bandwidth, near-DRAM latency, and easier access compared to block devices such as traditional SSDs. This enables new programming paradigms taking advantage of durability and larger memory footprint. With the range and size of GPU workloads expanding, NVRAM will present itself as a promising addition to GPU's memory hierarchy. To utilize the non-volatility of NVRAMs, programs should allow durable stores, maintaining consistency through a power loss event. This is usually done through a logging mechanism that works in tandem with a transaction execution layer which can consist of a transactional memory or a locking mechanism. Together, this results in a transaction processing system that preserves the ACID properties. GPUs are designed with high throughput in mind, leveraging high degrees of parallelism. Transactional memory proposals enable fine-grained transactions at the GPU thread-level. However, with lower write bandwidths compared to that of DRAMs, using NVRAM as-is may yield sub-optimal overall system performance when threads experience long latency. To address this problem, we propose using Helper Warps to move persistence out of the critical path of transaction execution, alleviating the impact of latencies. Our mechanism achieves a speedup of 4.4 and 1.5 under bandwidth limits of 1.6 GB/s and 12 GB/s and is projected to maintain speed advantage even when NVRAM bandwidth gets as high as hundreds of GB/s in certain cases. Due to the speedup, our proposed method also results in reduction in overall energy consumption.