A Fully Integrated 0.27-THz Injection-Locked Frequency Synthesizer With Frequency-Tracking Loop in 65-nm CMOS

A fully integrated sub-terahertz (sub-THz) frequency synthesizer is proposed cascading a radio frequency subsampling phase-locked loop (SS-PLL) with millimeter-wave injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFMs) and a sub-THz mixer for frequency extension. Enhanced third-harmonic and fourth-harmonic-extraction techniques are proposed for the ILFMs with different multiplication ratios. In addition, a frequency-tracking loop (FTL) with automatic frequency and amplitude calibration is embedded for the ILFMs. Finally, a distributed bias technique is employed to improve the linearity of the wideband magnetic-tuning sub-THz oscillator. Designed in a 65-nm CMOS process, the proposed prototype achieves an ultra-wide frequency tuning range from 61.2 to 100.8, 122.4 to 136.8, and 198.5 to 273.6 GHz with a phase noise at 1-MHz offset from -79.3 to -95.4 dBc/Hz and an integrated jitter from 124 to 159 fs over the tuning range. The synthesizer occupies a core area of 0.58 mm2 and measures an output power of -11 dBm at 211.4 GHz with 49.5 mW, corresponding to a dc-to-radio frequency (RF) efficiency of 0.16%, an FoM from -171.4 to -177.7 dBc/Hz, and FoMT from -177 to -190.5 dBc/Hz.