Time-Varying Nanoantenna Metamaterials

We review our recent progress on the area of time-varying metamaterials. We present several methodologies for realization of time-modulated metasurfaces at different optical frequencies through integration of electro-optical materials into the constituent nanoan-tennas and applying radio-frequency biasing signals. Novel design principles are established for extending the degree of light manipulation in the four-dimensional design space provided by time-varying metamaterials. Unique features and applications of time-varying metamate-rials are highlighted including independent control over phase and amplitude of harmonics, dispersionless wavefront engineering, spatiotemporal manipulation of light and nonreciprocal response. Several robust computational paradigms are also developed to characterize time-modulated platforms taking into account the drastic difference between time-scale of modulation and optical frequencies.