Algebraic Channel Estimation Algorithms for FDD Massive MIMO Systems

We consider downlink (DL) channel estimation for frequency division duplex-based massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems under the multipath model. Our goal is to provide fast and accurate channel estimation from a small amount of DL training overhead. Prior art tackles this problem using compressive sensing or classic array processing techniques (e.g., ESPRIT and MUSIC). However, these methods have challenges in some scenarios, e.g., when the number of paths is greater than the number of received antennas. Tensor factorization methods can also be used to handle such challenging cases, but it is hard to solve the associated optimization problems. In this paper, we propose an efficient channel estimation framework to circumvent such difficulties. Specifically, a structural training sequence that imposes a tensor structure on the received signal is proposed. We show that with such a training sequence, the parameters of DL MIMO channels can be provably identified even when the number of paths largely exceeds the number of received antennas-under very small training overhead. Our approach is a judicious combination of Vandermonde tensor algebra and a carefully designed conjugate-invariant training sequence. Unlike existing tensor-based channel estimation methods that involve hard optimization problems, the proposed approach consists of very lightweight algebraic operations, and thus, real-time implementation is within reach. Simulation results are carried out to showcase the effectiveness of the proposed methods.