Electric Vehicles Beyond Energy Storage and Modern Power Networks: Challenges and Applications

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been increasingly experiencing sales growth, and it is still not clear how to handle the associated impacts of a substantial integration of EVs against the power network performance and electricity deregulated market. Power networks development moves slowly compared to EVs, so it is hard to harmonize the two systems. Also, the associated cost required to modernize electric networks to accommodate the EVs additional loading is so huge that it makes it impractical. An electric network would suffer from many performances and quality-related problems if a significant number of EVs are not taken into account. Thus, it is vital to calculate at a reasonable accuracy the additional capacity to which the network would take. Also, the modeling of these EVs in terms of charge/discharge procedure (central or distributed) is essential to enable the optimization and compute potential impacts. The electricity market has to interface with the bidirectional supply nature of the EVs, so they become economically feasible. A business model that incorporates market structure and standards is selected in harmony with the charge/discharge model for best outcomes. Some approaches, algorithms, and schemes are deemed necessary to mitigate the effects of having EVs in the network. This paper presents a comprehensive review categorically on the recent advances and past research developments of EV paradigm over the last two decades. The main intent of this paper is to provide an application-focused survey, where every category and subcategory herein is thoroughly and independently investigated.