Three-dimensional FDTD modeling of a GPR

Numerical modeling and simulation of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) systems have been recognized as the preferred means of obtaining an understanding of subsurface-scattering mechanisms. Among the techniques used, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been distinctly popular due to its versatility in solving problems involving arbitrarily complicated inhomogeneities. In this paper, realistic three-dimensional GPR scenarios are simulated using the FDTD method and the perfectly-matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions. The radar unit, which contains the transmitting and receiving antennas, moves over the ground-air interface on a predetermined path.