Temperature Sensors Incorporated into a CMOS Image Sensor with Column Zoom ADCs

This paper proposes an array of nMOS based temperature sensors incorporated into a CMOS image sensor (CIS) for thermal compensation of the latter. Each temperature sensor features the same area as that of an image pixel. Both the temperature and the image sensors' outputs are read out by the column-level zoom ADCs, each of which offers 16 bits, with a 4-bit unit capacitor array (UCA) SAR and a 13-bit 2
^nd
-order incremental delta-sigma ADC (DSADC) as the first and the second stage, respectively. The proposed UCA with improved switching and decoding technique minimizes capacitor area and switching energy, by 50% and 75%, respectively, compared to a conventional binary weight array (BWA) counterpart. The column zoom ADC samples twice as fast while keeping its linearity, or, expands the dynamic range by 15 dB, for the image sensors, compared to a DSADC only alternative. To digitize the temperature sensor, the proposed zoom ADC is capable of quantization errors less than 16 μV, which is equivalent to a 0.125 °C resolution for a 130 μV/°C temperature coefficient. The proposed temperature sensor is simulated to keep its errors within ±0.21 °C upon 2
^nd
-order curve fitting, with 3 sigma Monte Carlo inaccuracies less than ±0.74 °C, between 0 and 100 °C, at a power and an area of 144 μW and 121 μm
²
, respectively, with a sampling period of 64 μs.