Microwave-based non-invasive blood glucose levels monitoring using flexible UWB antennas

This paper presents a pair of ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas facing on both sides of a 5-layer voxel-based earlobe phantom for the continuous blood glucose levels (BGLs) monitoring applications. The small flexible monopole antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed operates from 4 to 10 GHz has been proposed and simulated in the CST Microwave Studio (MWS). The simulated S-parameters are studied by varying the concentration of blood glucose levels using a modified Cole-Cole Model of blood to model the realistic, complex permittivity of blood. The results show that the resonance frequency shift could be used to determine the concentration of the patients' BGLs. In addition, a comparative evaluation of transmission results in varying BGLs is presented in a contest of investigating the effect of the blood density in BGLs measurements by using the proposed antenna.