The role of hydrogen, battery-electric vehicles and heat as flexibility option in future energy systems

In this article we aim at understanding the role of different flexibility options in the future German energy supply system dominated by volatile renewable energy production. Specifically, the options power-to-heat (P2H) and power-to-gas (P2G) are contrasted with a possible flexibility added by a grid optimized charging and discharging process of battery electric vehicles (BEV). The basic assumptions are oriented on scenarios for the German energy supply of the year 2050, with an overall CO
₂
-reduction of 80% and 95% with respect to 1990.