DC Voltage Traceability to Microvolt and Nanovolt Levels

This paper describes a simple calibration method for nanovoltmeters, that allows the determination and correction of gain errors for the microvolt and nanovolt ranges, giving a real traceability to the low level voltage measurements. The method also permits a realistic estimation of the measurement uncertainty associated to the gain errors of nanovoltmeters that is usually lower than the estimation based on the manufacturer specifications.