Rechargeable Zn-MnO2 batteries for utility load management and renewable integration

The rechargeable Zn-Mn02 batteries developed at the CUNY Energy Institute and manufactured by Urban Electric Power (UEP) are a low-cost and safe alternative to stationary lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries. The batteries are made from widely available materials and can be used in areas with reliable electricity service and infrequent blackouts and, with renewable generation sources, in areas with no power or frequent blackouts. This manuscript describes the key technology improvements that were achieved to develop the rechargeable Zn-Mn02 batteries and their grid applications. (Abstract)