The relationship between lignin expander structure and performance in lead-acid batteries

Eight lignin expanders have been characterized by chemical analysis and function as battery expanders. 11 chemical parameters and 14 performance parameters were used in this study. There seems to be no simple linear relationship between expander composition and electrical performance. For cycle life time there might be an optimum at around one carbinyl function per ten monomers. The type of lignin seems to be a very important factor, and few correlations hold across different types of lignin.