Pictogramming — programming learning environment using human pictograms

In this study, we propose a new programming learning environment called "Pictogramming." Pictogramming is based on two words: "pictogram" and "programming." The basis of this application is the use of a human-shaped pictogram (i.e., a "human pictogram"). Pictograms resemble a person or object with an abstract representation. Human pictograms are associated with syntonic learning and visual manifestation. The proposed application can display a human pictogram in the front and side directions defined by ISO (International Organization for Standardization), where both comprise nine body parts. The application moves the parts using a command sequence called the "Pictogram Animation Command." The application can draw the movement history (similar to turtle graphics) as "Pictogram graphics." The combination of both functions facilitates learning in small steps over a short period of time using a small command set. We evaluated the effectiveness of this application with approximately 100 junior high school students. The results were generally favorable but it is necessary to improve the content and the method for learning conditional branching.