Magnetless non-reciprocal components based on spatio-temporal conductivity-modulation

Non-reciprocal components, such isolators and circulators, have a wide range of applications at radio frequencies and millimeter-waves in wireless communications and radar systems, to name a few. We demonstrate that by modulating the conductivity around a delay medium, non-magnetic, low-loss, compact and broadband non-reciprocity can be achieved. CMOS circulators at 750 MHz and 28 GHz validate our claims.