Energy-Efficient Prophet-PRoWait-EDR Protocols for Opportunistic Networks

Opportunistic Networks (OppNets) are a kind of challenged ad hoc networks where frequent topology changes, intermittent connectivity, and no guarantee of end-to-end path prevail. In this context, designing energy-efficient routing protocols for OppNets is quite challenging since most of the node's energy is consumed during node discovery and message transmission. This paper proposes the energy-efficient versions of three existing routing protocols for OppNets, namely, the probability routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity (Prophet), the Probability-based controlled flooding in opportunistic networks (PRoWait), and the Encounter and Distance based Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks (EDR), where the selection of the next best forwarder for a message relies on the energy (or battery power) of the nodes. These energy-aware protocols are referred to as E-Prophet, E-PRoWait and E-EDR schemes. Simulations results show that E-Prophet, E-PRoWait and E-EDR yield a better energy consumption compared to Prophet, ProWait and EDR.