A Cyber-Physical Energy Management System for Optimal Sizing and Operation of Networked Nanogrids With Battery Swapping Stations

This paper considers networked nanogrids with an electric vehicle battery swapping station (BSS) as a cyber-physical energy management system (CPEMS) for enhancing the energy supply reliability, resilience, and economics. This paper discusses the architecture and control framework of the proposed CPEMS. A capacity optimization problem is formulated based on the mixed-integer linear programming and solved with a scenario-based approach to schedule the CPEMS generation and storage. Individual nanogrids and BSS share scheduled generation and storage resources and exploit diversities in supply and demand profiles to achieve mutual economic and security benefits. The paper considers the following three issues: 1) optimal sizing and scheduling of nanogrids and BSS can supply a sufficient storage capacity for smoothing out volatile renewable energy sources (RES); 2) surplus RES generation can be aggregated and stored in the BSS for supplying electric vehicles at peak hours; and 3) a networked nanogrid structure can share BSS resources for attaining considerable savings and higher resilience, without compromising each nanogrid's cyber-physical security. Numerical case studies demonstrate the applications of the proposed CPEMS to power system operation and control.