Radio Link Power Density and Antenna Factor

Generally antenna characteristics have been defined always in the transmitting case. In free space radio link identical antennas characteristics show that they have exactly the same gain, area, and factor. Contrary to current usage and practices transmitting and receiving antenna characteristics are not the same, since the surface of the earth acts as a reflecting plane. This investigation was conducted to show the difference in gain, area, and factor of two identical antennas in the transmitting and receiving role, through calculations, simulation, and measurements necessary for electromagnetic compatibility.