Automatic speed profiling and automatic landings during advanced RNP to xLS flight tests

We report on the performance of our Airbus 320 during novel advanced required navigation performance (RNP) procedures which contain a fixed radius turn that delivers the aircraft onto a short ILS precision final above aerodrome level. The approaches were flown automatically with guidance and autothrust as computed by the flight management system. Main areas of interest of the flight trials were the performance of the autoland capability, vertical path following during the RNP part of the procedure as well as maintaining an optimized speed profile during the continuous descent approaches Within the PBN concept exists the possibility to incorporate turns with a precise ground track into departure, en-route, arrival and approach procedures called fixed radius transitions or radius-to-fix. They offer the advantage of repeatable ground tracks during the turn and thus more freedom for the procedure designer when route planning in dense traffic, high terrain or obstacle rich environments. Additionally, ARINC 424 allows to specify altitude constraints at waypoints and vertical path angles for each RNP segment terminating at such a waypoint. Whilst offering these benefits such advanced RNP approach operations are still non-precision procedures and automatic landings cannot be performed after their successful completion. Hence, to enable automatic landings and to extract maximum benefits from RNP operations, they must transition into a precision final approach segment provided by any precision landing system (ILS, GLS, MLS) so that the guidance loops for flare and land modes of the auto flight guidance system can activate. This is often called RNP to xLS (or RNP2xLS). Moreover, the vertical path angle feature is currently largely unused and unexplored, except for the final approach segment of an RNP approach. These new options, when properly exercised, would allow any aircraft to benefit from better fuel efficiency during a continuous descent approach and a potentially reduced obstacle clearance due to the fixed vertical RNP profile and RF tracks. Ground tracks are repeatable and could be used for better noise abatement — besides their main purpose, obstruction clearance along the aircraft's path. In this study we investigated the use of the described ARINC424 coding options onto (a) the performance of the speed profile for arrival time optimization (b) the vertical path during the RNP part of the procedure and (c) the performance of the autoland capability after a curved transition onto an ILS. For the trials, we designed five instrument approaches to runway 26 at Braunschweig-Wolfsburg airport, which is equipped with an Instrument Landing System. A RF curve terminates at the ILS intercept point at heights 550ft, 750ft, 1000ft, 1500ft and 2000ft above aerodrome level and each approach had four different initial approach fixes which corresponded to a track angle change of 30,60,90 and 180 degrees during the constant radius turn-to-final. For each initial approach path coded as advanced RNP segments, we programmed different combinations of vertical path angle and height constraints at waypoints. Moreover, as the thrust computer automatically reduces speed to a value suitable for initial approach, we varied the distance of the initial approach fix of one of the approaches from ranging between 3 to 7NM from the FAF in order to allow the aircraft to decelerate as late as possible. For the trials, we used DLR's own Advanced Technology Research Aircraft (ATRA), an Airbus A320 MSN659 with flight test instrumentation and a Thales FMS2. The approaches were entirely flown using the auto flight guidance in managed mode and with auto-thrust activated. The approach mode was armed either at the FAF or before the initial approach fix. We show supporting evidence that RNP2ILS approaches can be safely flown all the way to an automatic landing using the flight management guidance computer and the auto flight control system. In order to fly the desired path with vertical path angle during the RNP initial and intermediate approach, a separate mode (such as LNAV/VNAV) different from the singular approach mode would need to be implemented in the aircraft. Additionally, airlines and other operators currently apply stabilization criteria following which the aircraft must be established on a straight final with the correct sink rate at 1000ft above aerodrome level in order to continue the approach. For landings in low visibility conditions, more stringent criteria are often applied. An operational implementation of RNP2ILS approaches with a curved final intercept would require a rephrasing of the criteria to include a concept such as RNP established.