Participation of electric vehicle parking lots into retail electricity market with evoucher mechanism

This paper proposes a framework, named after eVoucher program, to encourage parking lots, with high electric vehicles penetration rate, to participate in the retail electricity market at distribution level. It also entails the demand response, either in the negative (demand decrease) or positive (demand increase) direction, which improves the economic benefits for electric distribution companies and potential resilience in distribution networks. The eVoucher program follows a customer- centric design principle and allows parking lots to coordinate the electric vehicle charging behavior in response to economic incentives from an electric distribution company (EDC). As a third party, distribution system operator (DSO) facilitates the negotiation process between parking lots and EDC. Eventually, the active participation of energy end-users will benefit the retail electricity market and distribution network operators.