Adaptive Pilot Patterns for CA-OFDM Systems in Nonstationary Wireless Channels

In this paper, we investigate the performance gains of adapting pilot spacing and power for carrier aggregation orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CA-OFDM) systems in nonstationary wireless channels. In current multiband CA-OFDM wireless networks, all component carriers use the same pilot density, which is designed for poor channel environments. This leads to unnecessary pilot overhead in good channel conditions and performance degradation in the worst channel conditions. We propose adaptation of pilot spacing and power using a codebook-based approach, where the transmitter and the receiver exchange information about the fading characteristics of the channel over a short period of time, which are stored as entries in a channel profile codebook. We present a heuristic algorithm that maximizes the achievable rate by finding the optimal pilot spacing and power from a set of candidate pilot configurations. We also analyze the computational complexity of our proposed algorithm and the feedback overhead. We describe methods to minimize the computation and feedback requirements for our algorithm in multiband CA scenarios and present simulation results in typical terrestrial and air-to-ground/air-to-air nonstationary channels. Our results show that significant performance gains can be achieved when adopting adaptive pilot spacing and power allocation in nonstationary channels. We also discuss important practical considerations and provide guidelines to implement adaptive pilot spacing in CA-OFDM systems.