Investigation of photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells with α-NPD and electron-beam evaporated TiO2 photoelectrode

The aim of this work is to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with α-NPD and electron-beam evaporated TiO
₂
electrode, where α-NPD used as hole transport layer (HTL) and TiO
₂
used as an electron transport layer (ETL). The TiO
₂
electrode has been deposited on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate by electron beam evaporation (EBE) technique and then these films are sintered with 450°C temperature. Perovskite (PRV) has synthesized on TiO
₂
thin films by single-stepped spin-coating method in nitrogen (N
₂
) environment. Inexpensive α-NPD, MoO
₃
and Ag are deposited sequentially by thermal evaporation technique, which are used as hole transport material, buffer layer, and metal contact, respectively. In this work, ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, and field-emission scanning electron microscope are used to characterize the TiO
₂
and PRV/TiO
₂
films. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of PSC with TiO
₂
at 450°C is higher (1.03%) than the PSC with TiO
₂
for room temperature (RT) condition.