Particle swarm optimization (PSO): A novel paradigm for antenna designs

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm represents a new approach to optimization problems in electromagnetics. Based upon a mathematical model of the social interactions of swarms, the algorithm has been shown to be effective at finding good solutions to a number of complicated EM design problems. This paper provides a conceptual overview of the algorithm, keeping at all times the focus on implementing PSO to solve practical problems. In this vein, selected recent applications of the method to real-world design examples are presented.