Graphene Fabry–Perot Cavity Leaky-Wave Antennas: Plasmonic Versus Nonplasmonic Solutions

Tunable THz antennas based on a single unpatterned graphene sheet placed inside a grounded dielectric multilayer are studied with the aim of characterizing their performance in terms of pattern reconfigurability, directivity, and radiation efficiency. The considered structures belong to the class of Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) antennas, whose radiation mechanism relies on the excitation of cylindrical leaky waves with an ordinary (i.e., nonplasmonic) sinusoidal transverse modal profile. This allows for achieving radiation efficiencies considerably higher than those of alternative graphene-based radiators based on the excitation of surface-plasmon polaritons (SPPs) either in bound or leaky propagation regimes. A customized efficient circuit model has been employed in order to obtain all the radiation characteristics of such graphene FPC antennas, which have also been fully validated by means of a CAD tool. The role of the graphene quality is explicitly taken into account in this comprehensive investigation, proving that it plays a remarkable role in establishing the antenna performance. In particular, it is expected that the standard quality of graphene allows for designing low-efficiency reconfigurable THz antennas based on SPPs and, conversely, high-efficiency FPC antennas with slightly reduced reconfigurability.