Using measurements and decision tree processing for response-based discrete-event control

Synchronized phasor measurements can be transmitted in real-time to a central location for further processing. The use of synchronized phasor measurements for special protection systems is an emerging area of research. One of the main research challenges is to synthesize the output of multiple phasor measurement units (PMUs) into discrete control actions in real time. This paper describes the development of decision trees (DTs) for out-of-step relaying using local measurements, and for HVDC fast power changes using 12 sets of synchronized phasor measurements per second from 14 PMU locations. The DTs are trained automatically using time-domain simulation data. On-line transient security assessment tools could potentially enable adaptive control by periodically generating new training data.