Multi-level ASK spatial modulators employing a 100 GHz lens-array antenna and 65 nm CMOS

A new, low form factor topology of a phase rotator at 100 GHz is demonstrated using a CMOS 65 nm process. The design is based on two inductively coupled amplifiers, instead of the common implementation with a hybrid coupler. The phase rotator is integrated with multiple stage amplifiers in order to achieve a high gain element for transmit/receive phased array antennas. A full phase rotation with a peak gain of 20-25 dB was achieved, with a total power consumption of 90 mW. In addition, a 100 GHz 2×2 active lens-array printed antenna was designed and implemented, based on the fabricated chips. Four-level ASK spatial modulation was implemented by modulating the gain of the amplifiers, where each row of elements modulated independently.