Modeling tree scattering in rural residential areas at 3.5 GHz

This paper addresses the modeling of tree scattering in rural residential areas at 3.5 GHz using a 3-D ray-optical approach. In this approach, a 3-D digital map of rural residential areas is constructed, where the terrain's signature, buildings, as well as vegetation are included. In particular, a tree is modeled as a cylindrical volume with radii varying from 2 to 5 m. Trees within a tree group are assumed to be uniformly distributed with a separation distance varying from 10 to 20 m. The scattered fields within a tree volume are determined by using the Foldy-Lax multiple scattering theory. Measurement data derived from cross-season measurement campaigns in a vegetated rural area in Germany are used to verify the simulation results.