Theoretical and implementation aspects of pulse streams: an overview

This tutorial paper presents an annotated overview of existing hardware implementations of artificial neural systems based on "pulse stream" modulations. Pulse streams are quasi-periodic binary waveforms which convey analog information on waveform timing. The theoretical bases of pulse stream computation are shown for the major techniques, and basic circuits are briefly described for most neural and fuzzy functions. Pulse stream modulations and multiplexing are then analyzed in terms of accuracy, response time, and both power and energy requirements. The performances of the various techniques are compared both with each other, and with those of other analog computing systems.