Design of the second-generation ARIANNA ultra-high-energy neutrino detector systems

We report on the development of the seven station ARIANNA Hexagonal Radio Array neutrino detector systems in Antarctica. The primary goal of the ARIANNA project is to observe ultra-high energy (>100 PeV) cosmogenic neutrino signatures using a large array of autonomous stations each dispersed 1 km apart on the surface of the Ross Ice Shelf. Sensing radio emissions of 100 MHz to 1 GHz, each station in the array contains RF antennas, amplifiers, a 2 G-sample/s signal acquisition and trigger circuit I.C. (the “SST”), an embedded CPU, 32 GB of solid-state data storage, a 20 Ah LiFePO₄ battery with associated battery management unit, Iridium short-burst messaging satellite and long-distance WiFi communications. The new SST chip is completely synchronous, contains 4 channels of 256 samples per channel, obtains 6 orders of magnitude sample rate range up to 2 GHz acquisition speeds. It achieves 1.5 GHz bandwidth, 12 bits RMS of dynamic range, ~1 mV RMS trigger sensitivity at >600 MHz trigger bandwidth and ps-level timing accuracy. Power is provided by the sun and LiFePO4 storage batteries, and the second-generation stations consume an average of 4W of power. The station's trigger capabilities reduce the trigger rates to a few milli-Hertz with ≤4-sigma thresholds while retaining high efficiency for neutrino signals.