Cost benefit analysis of public service electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability

In this study, benefits of public service electric vehicles (EV) are investigated for three potential sectors, school bus, waste collecting truck, and city bus. The cost of operations is estimated based on their mobility patterns with environmental impacts and the gain from vehicle-to-grid is approximated by the optimized frequency regulation (FR) supports associated with the time-varying FR prices. Preliminary results show that the annual savings with EV services can be 8k to 22k USD per vehicle. The cost benefits are expected to increase further as the global warming emission constraints are getting tighter.