A Computationally Inexpensive Energy Model for Horizontal Electric Water Heaters With Scheduling

Electric water heaters (EWHs) remain one of the main contributors to energy consumption in countries where they are used. EWH models serve as a step toward achieving optimized control, and can also be used to inform users of expected savings due to changes if the model is energy-based. Various models have been proposed, but none of them include more than half of the six key features that the model presented in this paper supports horizontal orientation, schedule control, low computational complexity, validation of the model, multinodal stratification, and multinodal standing losses. The presented model is validated against six datasets, four comprising 900 h with multiple water usage events\ and two with only standing losses. The results show that the model estimates energy consumption over ten days including usage with an error of less than 2% and 5% for schedule control and thermostat control, respectively. The simulation model is simple enough to execute ten days of simulation in less than 100 ms on a standard desktop machine, 150 times faster than a prominent model from literature, making it also suitable for large scale simulations or for use on mobile devices.