A W-band LO-chain with injection-locked frequency sextupler and medium power amplifier using 65-nm CMOS technology for automotive radar applications

In this paper, we present a LO-chain consisted of an injection-locked sextupler (ILFS) and medium power amplifier (MPA) using 65 nm CMOS technology for 77 GHz automotive radar applications. The LO-chain consumes 51-mW dc power, with only 6.3 mW in the core of the ILFS. The LO-chain achieves 9.6% locking range from 74.7 to 82.2 GHz at 0-dBm input power level without extra tuning mechanism. This LO-chain is suitable for the automotive radar applications from 76 to 81 GHz.