PEV parking lot behavior equilibria in energy and reserve markets

The increasing penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has encouraged solutions for facilitating their utilization. In this regard, PEV parking lots (PLs) have proved to be essential for future systems with high amounts of PEVs. However, operating a PL in order to maximize its profit while enforcing its own constraints generates conflicts between the PL and the distribution system operator (DSO). As a result, this paper proposes a model to solve the PL equilibria behavior. A bi-level problem including the operation of DSO and PL is solved using mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). The PL's behavior is defined by its hourly energy and reserve interaction with the market through the DSO. As the total amount of PL's interaction with the grid will affect the DSO's operational decision making, the proposed model finds the equilibrium point to maximize the benefit for PL and DSO.