Analysis of Torque Capability and Quality in Vernier Permanent-Magnet Machines

Vernier permanent-magnet (VPM) machines have been obtaining a lot of attention over the past few years due to several advantages, such as their high torque density and simple mechanical structures. Moreover, it is found that the torque ripple of VPM machines is ultralow, even without specific design measures such as a short pitch, skewing slots/poles, magnet shaping technology, etc. This paper presents theoretical analysis and comprehensive simulations on the torque ripple of VPM machines. First, a general instantaneous torque equation of VPM machines is proposed to analyze torque features and the effect of parameters on the torque performance of VPM machines. Subsequently, based on the general torque equation and a finite-element algorithm, it is verified that torque smoothness is the inherent characteristic of VPM machines, and the torque ripple of VPM machines can be below 0.2%. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the torque density of a VPM machine is 40% larger than that of a regular permanent-magnet machine. All these advantages demonstrate that VPM machines can obtain much better steady and dynamic drive performance. Finally, all the theoretical analyses are verified by experiments on a VPM prototype.