Curved spiral antennas for freshwater applications

Using FEKO EMSS simulation software we performed a numerical investigation of prototype, curved spiral antennas for underwater applications. We simulated flat and curved spiral antennas mounted on a pocketbook mussel (lampsilis cardium) in river water. The simulation incorporated the antenna, the mussel shell, the mussel tissue and freshwater as medium. We compared the radiation patterns and the input impedance differences between the flat and curved antennas.