Applying the Distribution System in Grid Restoration/NERC CIP-014 Risk Assessment

The classic approach in bulk power system restoration plans requires defining a black start unit and a crank path from the transmission system while integrating the use of the distribution system as a way of supporting the grid (switching, load reductions, shifting load, renewables and other restoration techniques). In short, to get as many customers restored with service as quickly as possible. This paper explores and identifies realistic and optimal ways in which an electric grid may possibly restore service to the grid from the distribution system with distributed resources. The paper considers risk assessments that have been defined by NERC Standard, CIP-014-1 on Physical Security if such a restoration plan is considered. The paper identifies innovative techniques on restoring service from MicroGrids or Distributed Generation (DG) resources and the risk impacts surrounding it. Additionally, it considers the potential impacts of reverse power flow to the transmission system from distributed resources considering the risk and safety impacts of islanding Distributed Energy Resources (DER's).