Can piezoelectricity lead to negative capacitance?

A thermodynamic model was constructed to quantitatively analyze the negative capacitance effect in the presence of piezoelectricity, electrostriction, and ferroelectricity. The model shows that pure piezoelectricity and higher-order electromechanical coupling can provide a negative capacitance effect in principle, but are not strong enough in practice. Negative capacitance is predicted to occur due to ferroelectric polarization switching and not due to piezoelectricity.