Printed high-efficiency quadruple-junction, four-terminal solar cells and modules for full spectrum utilization

We present printed microscale multijunction (MJ) multi-terminal high-efficiency solar cells to overcome the epi-growth and current-matching limitations of conventional MJ cells. We demonstrate quadruple junction, four-terminal solar cells with measured efficiencies of 43.9% at concentrations exceeding 1000 suns, and modules with efficiencies of 36.5%.