Optimal power flow with primary and secondary frequency constraint

The high penetration of wind and solar has significantly influenced the power system frequency performance. Inertial response and Primary Frequency Response (PFR) decline when conventional generation is displaced by renewable energy that is not providing the needed control capabilities. The high variability of wind and solar imposes additional regulation burden on remaining conventional generation which motivates a need for new resources to provide Primary Frequency Response (PFR), Secondary Frequency Response (SFR) and Tertiary Frequency Response (TFR). In this paper, a new Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model is proposed to include PFR and SFR sufficiency requirements in it. A 5 bus system and a 118 bus system are simulated to test the proposed model.