Efficient MISO 3rd-order Volterra series for modeling subharmonic oscillation of ultrasound contrast agent

This paper proposes the implementation of multiple-input-single-output (MISO) 3rd-order Volterra series for improving the accuracy of subharmonic oscillation modeling from simulated ultrasound contrast agent (UCA). Results show the good prediction capability of the 3rd-order Volterra model. Its performance is evaluated using the normalized mean-square errors (NMSE) under different levels of noise in UCA echo signal. These are important basic results of MISO Volterra system for the further study on filtering subharmonics such as impulse response and frequency response function.