Enabling distributed frequency response using smart meters

Frequency excursions on electrical power systems are traditionally controlled using governors on central, often steam driven, generators. However, if the proportion of steam driven plant is reduced, there is a need to provide frequency response by other means. Distributed frequency response is under-utilised; this is partly because it is difficult for system operators to schedule demand side frequency response capability and verify its operation. Smart meters provide a means to overcome these difficulties, if the meters have an adequate hardware specification. A scheme to enable System Operators to specify demand side frequency response, become aware of its availability and verify its operation is put forward. A model is developed in which demand side frequency response operation is verified using `Frequency Response Verification Packets' (FRVPs) - data packets created by smart meters that quantify changes in demand following a detected frequency excursion. The model is used to simulate a situation where 20% of all domestic washing machines in Britain can pause for 30 minutes following a frequency excursion. For a frequency deviation at 1830 hrs on a weekday in the month of March, 291778 FRVPs were created (corresponding to 135 MW total demand reduction within 2 seconds of the frequency excursion).