Problems relating to interconnections of large pulp and paper mills with large utility power systems

THE requirements for electric power-in modern pulp and paper mills are increasing at greater rates than the requirements for thermal power. In consequence, the electric power that can be generated by the normal flow rate of process steam is becoming inadequate. Low-cost hogged fuel and mill waste are also no longer available in abundant quantities to generate the increasing unbalance in electric load with condensing steam. Therefore, mill operators are finding it more economical to purchase a portion of their electric energy from utility power systems rather than to operate their own generating equipment on more expensive fuels and with consequent heat loss to the condensing water.