Zero-error watermarking on jpeg images by shuffling huffman tree nodes

This paper proposes a full fidelity watermarking on JPEG bitstreams. That is, without a designated decoder/player, the watermarked bitstream can be decompressed to the original one. To this end, the scheme modifies the JPEG Huffman tables and the bitstream synchronically according to the watermark. Thus it is unnecessary for the JPEG decompressor to recover DCT coefficients because they are not modified at all. In addition, the present scheme is applicable to any JPEG bitstream even if its Huffman tables are optimized.