Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy on proteins, peptides, and small biological molecules

Absorption coefficients and refractive indices of biologically important macromolecules such as lysozyme and myoglobin and small molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been obtained in the low-frequency region by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to understand molecular dynamics and interactions of these molecules.