Accurate Nonlinear Volterra Series Analysis for Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

In this letter, an accurate nonlinear Volterra series analysis for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) is presented. Closed-form expressions for the modulation response, harmonic distortions, and second- and third-order intermodulation distortions are derived. Moreover, the suggested nonlinear model avoids the numerical solution of laser rate equations and provides in-depth insight of a distortion analysis of VCSEL.