Temperature and angular variations of piezoelectric coupling in quartz

Measurements of resonance frequency versus temperature have been made on many accurately characterized quartz vibrators as part of an effort to obtain a highly precise set of material parameters to replace the most widely used set, which is now 25 years old. Preliminary data are presented for the first temperature derivative of piezoelectric coupling as a function of orientation angle. These numbers permit prediction of temperature coefficient change as a function of location on the impedance circle and are important for temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) applications.<>